Niki gutora fosifati
Ninzira yo kuvura ibyuma hejuru, gutoragura ni ugukoresha aside irike kugirango isukure ibyuma kugirango ikureho ingese.Fosifati ni ukunyunyuza aside yogejwe na acide hamwe nigisubizo cya fosifati kugirango ikore firime ya oxyde hejuru, ishobora kwirinda ingese no kunoza irangi ryirangi kugirango witegure intambwe ikurikira.

Guhitamo gukuraho ingese nigishishwa nuburyo bukoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byinganda.Intego yo gukuraho ingese no kuvanaho uruhu bigerwaho no kwambura hydrogène imashini ikozwe na aside aside ya okiside na ruswa.Ibikunze gukoreshwa mu gutoragura ni aside hydrochloric, aside sulfurike na aside fosifori.Acide Nitric ikoreshwa gake kuko itanga gaze ya dioxyde de azote mugihe cyo gutoragura.Guhitamo aside Hydrochloric ikwiriye gukoreshwa mubushyuhe buke, ntigomba kurenga 45 ℃, gukoresha intumbero ya 10% kugeza 45%, igomba no kongeramo urugero rukwiye rwa aside irike ikwiye.Acide ya sulfure ku muvuduko muke wo gutoranya ubushyuhe iratinda cyane, igomba gukoreshwa mubushyuhe bwo hagati, ubushyuhe bwa 50 ~ 80 ℃, gukoresha intumbero ya 10% ~ 25%.Ibyiza byo gufata aside ya fosifori ni uko itazatanga ibisigazwa byangirika (byinshi cyangwa bike hazabaho ibisigisigi bya Cl-, SO42- nyuma ya acide hydrochloric na acide sulfurike), bikaba bifite umutekano muke, ariko ibibi bya acide fosifori ni uko igiciro kiri hejuru, umuvuduko wo gutora uratinda, muri rusange gukoresha kwibanda kuri 10% kugeza 40%, kandi ubushyuhe bwo kuvura burashobora kuba ubushyuhe busanzwe kuri 80 ℃.Muburyo bwo gutoragura, gukoresha acide ivanze nuburyo bwiza cyane, nka acide hydrochloric-sulfuric aside ivanze, aside fosifike-citric aside ivanze.Ingano ikwiye ya inhibitori yangirika igomba kongerwaho gutoragura, gukuramo ingese no gukuramo ikigega cya okiside.Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa inhibitori ya ruswa, kandi guhitamo biroroshye byoroshye, kandi uruhare rwarwo ni ukubuza kwangirika kwicyuma no gukumira "kwinjiza hydrogène".Ariko, mugihe utoragura "hydrogen embrittleness" ibihangano byoroshye, guhitamo inzitizi zibuza kwangirika bigomba kwitonda cyane, kubera ko bimwe mubibuza kwangirika bibuza reaction ya atome ebyiri za hydrogène muri molekile ya hydrogène, aribyo: 2 [H] → H2 ↑, kugirango intumbero ya hydrogène atom hejuru yicyuma iriyongera, byongera "hydrogène embrittleness".Niyo mpamvu, birakenewe ko dusuzuma igitabo cyangirika cyangwa gukora ikizamini cya "hydrogen embrittlements" kugirango wirinde gukoresha imiti yangiza.

Iterambere rya tekinoroji yo gusukura inganda - gusukura icyatsi kibisi
Ikoreshwa ryikoranabuhanga rya lazeri risobanura gukoresha urumuri rwinshi rwa laser kugirango rumurikire hejuru yumurimo wakazi, kugirango ubuso bwumwanda, ingese cyangwa gutwikire ako kanya guhumeka cyangwa kwiyambura, kwihuta cyane no gukuraho neza hejuru yikintu umugereka cyangwa hejuru yubuso, kugirango ugere kubikorwa bisukuye.Nubuhanga bushya bushingiye ku ngaruka ziterwa na lazeri nibintu, kandi bufite ibyiza bigaragara ugereranije nuburyo busanzwe bwo gukora isuku nko gusukura imashini, gusukura imiti yangiza, gusukura ibintu bikomeye bikomeye byoza, gusukura ultrasonic.Irakora neza, yihuta, igiciro gito, umutwaro muto wumuriro nuburemere bwimashini kuri substrate, kandi ntabwo byangiza isuku;Imyanda irashobora gutunganywa, nta bihumanya ibidukikije bifite umutekano kandi byizewe, ntabwo byangiza ubuzima bwumukoresha bishobora kuvanaho ubunini butandukanye, ibice bitandukanye bigize gahunda yo gusukura urwego rworoshye byoroshye kugera kubigenzura byikora, gusukura kure no kugenzura nibindi.

Ikoranabuhanga ry’icyatsi kibisi kandi ridafite umwanda rikemura burundu kunenga ibidukikije kunenga uburyo bwo kuvura fosifati.Ikoranabuhanga ryo kurengera ibidukikije n’ikoranabuhanga risukura icyatsi - "gusukura laser" byaje kubaho kandi bizamuka hamwe n’amazi.Ubushakashatsi niterambere hamwe nogukoresha biganisha ku mpinduka nshya yuburyo bwo gukora isuku mu nganda no kuzana isura nshya mu nganda zivura isi.